Dihotomija starosne dobi djeteta u krivičnom zakonodavstvu Republike Srpske
Abstract:The criminal legislation of the Republic of Srpska uses the term child, which encompasses a wider age range with different legal classifications, rights and obligations. The subject of interest of this paper is the mutually opposed position of children against whom the application of criminal sanctions and other measures prescribed by criminal legislation is excluded due to their age, and children against whom a criminal offence has been committed. Given all the achievements to date in the special position of this category of children, there are tendencies to lower the age of the child in the application of criminal legislation. On the other hand, we have opposite tendencies, achieved by amendments to criminal legislation, where the position of the child as an injured party (victim) of a criminal offence is defined by a higher age limit compared to previous legal solutions. The present legal dichotomy requires serious scientific reflection on the need to overcome it by setting a common age limit for the incompetence of the child as the perpetrator of a criminal offence and its victim (injured party) in certain criminal offences. In this regard, we would like to draw particular attention to the determination of the age limit of the injured party in criminal offences of sexual abuse and exploitation of a child. Separating a category of children, with roughly identical anatomical and psychological characteristics, on these grounds can hardly be justified by scientific and expert arguments. For the sake of better understanding and the need to regulate this sensitive matter in a coherent manner, we briefly review the normative bases and perspectives of the position of the child as a perpetrator and victim of a criminal offence in domestic and comparative criminal law, as well as international documents.
Key words: dichotomy, child, perpetrator, victim, victim.
Rezime:Krivično zakonodavstvo Republike Srpske koristi po- jam djeteta koji obuhvata širi dobni raspon sa različitom zakon- skom klasifikacijom, pravima i obavezama. Predmet interesova- nja ovog rada jest međusobno suprotstavljen položaj djece pre- ma kojima je zbog starosne dobi isključena primjena krivičnih sankcija i drugih mjera propisanih krivičnim zakonodavstvom i djece prema kojima je krivično djelo počinjeno. S obzirom na sva dosadašnja dostignuća u posebnom položaju ove kategorije djece prisutne su težnje snižavanja starosne dobi djeteta u pri- mjeni krivičnog zakonodavstva. S druge strane imamo suprotne težnje, ostvarene izmjenama krivičnog zakonodavstva, gdje je položaj djeteta kao oštećenog (žrtve) krivičnog djela definisan povišenom dobnom granicom u odnosu na ranija zakonska rje- šenja. Prisutna zakonska dihotomija zahtijeva ozbiljno naučno promišljanje o potrebi njenog prevazilaženja postavljanjem zajedničke dobne granice neuračunljivosti djeteta kao učini- oca krivičnog djela i njegove žrtve (oštećenog) kod pojedinih krivičnih djela. U tom smislu posebno ukazujemo na određi- vanje dobne granice oštećenog kod krivičnih djela seksualnog zlostavljanja i iskorištavanja djeteta. Razdvajanje jedne kate- gorije djece, sa okvirno identičnim anatomskim i psihološkim odlikama, po tim osnovama teško se može opravdati naučnim i stručnim argumentima. Radi boljeg razumijevanja i potrebe da se ova osjetljiva materija uredi skladno, ukratko se osvrćemo na normativne osnove i perspektive položaja djeteta kao učinioca i žrtve krivičnog djela u domaćem i uporednom krivičnom pravu, kao i međunarodnim dokumenatima.
Ključne riječi:dihotomija, dijete, učinilac, oštećeni, žrtva.